Free electron lasers fels are lasers which utilize the phenomenon of stimulated undulator radiation. Lasers, freeelectron 3 undulator electron beam optical cavity mirror partial mirror radiation field outcoupled field fig. Introduction to the physics of the free electron laser. The free electron laser was invented by john madey in 1971 at stanford university. Introduction creating matter from the vacuum, taking an atomic scale motion picture of a chemical. It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets. Undulator technologies for future free electron laser.
Freeelectron lasers with higher average power and shorter wavelengths are under. Compactness of quantum fels arises from the use of laser pulses as optical undulators 1116. In an fel the kinetic energy of a relativistic electron beam serves as the source of free energy to be converted to electromagnetic radiation in the undulator magnet. Madey invented the free electron laser fel, in 1971. A relativistic electron beam a magnetic undulator k freeelectron 3 undulator electron beam optical cavity mirror partial mirror radiation field outcoupled field fig. This option allows users to search by publication, volume and page selecting this option will search the current publication in context.
An undulator is an insertion device from highenergy physics and usually part of a larger installation, a synchrotron storage ring, or it may be a component of a free electron laser. Ivanyushenkov, short period undulators for storage rings and free electron lasers, journal of physics. It will be of use to all those working in freeelectron laser research as well as for physicists and graduate students who need an introduction to the field. A freeelectron laser fel is a kind of laser whose lasing medium consists of veryhighspeed electrons moving freely through a magnetic structure, hence the term free electron. The book includes a convenient overview of early developments and general. Pedersen danfysik as taastrup, denmark abstract danfysik has produced insertion devices for the fel community for almost 10 years. Free electron laser performance within the eupraxia facility mdpi.
In addition to making a comparison with conventional lasers, a couple of special topics concerning nearfield and cavity electrodynamics, compact and tabletop arrangements and strong radiation induced exotic states of. Undulators and freeelectron lasers book, 1990 worldcat. Their development received a strong impetus from radar development during world war ii. Principles of coherent xray generation synchrotron. The volume contains the proceedings of the 7th course on physics and technology of free electron lasers of the international school of quantum electronics, which was held in erice italy from 17 to 29 august 1980, under the auspices of the ettore majorana centre for scientific culture.
Polarization control is a key feature of light generated by shortwavelength freeelectron lasers. Abeamofelectrons is generated in the electron accelerator and then passed through a region ofalternating direction magnetic field wiggler. Only a basic understanding of relativistic mechanics and electromagnetism is presupposed. Therefore, fels belong to the family of vacuum electronic devices, such as traveling wave tubes or klystrons. Free electron lasers consists of 10 chapters, which refer to fundamentals and design of various free electron laser systems, from the infrared to the xuv wavelength regimes. There are conceptual designs for much less expensive soft xray fels using sheared pulses from table top terawatt t 3 lasers as optical undulators. Pdf a freeelectron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a.
Free electron lasers operate on the principle of electromagnetic instability involving three components. Synchrotron radiation can be generated in undulators alternating dipoles with k 1 or single dipole magnets. A primer on the physics of freeelectron lasers presented to the aps midatlantic senior physicists group college park, md 17 october 2017 henry freund. This new reference is the first fully selfcontained and unified monograph on the design and operation of undulators and freeelectron lasers. Physics of freeelectron lasers introduction dinh c. The concept of comptontype freeelectron lasers fels operating in short wavelength ranges with a high efficiency and power level is currently underway at the iap ras nizhny novgorod.
Statistical and coherence properties of radiation from xray free electron lasers this article has been downloaded from iopscience. The free electron laser utilizes technology developed by hans motz and his coworkers, who built an undulator at stanford in 1953, using the wiggler magnetic configuration which is one component of a free electron laser. The development of laser wakefield accelerators lwfa over the past several years has led to an interest in very compact sources of xray radiation such as tabletop free electron lasers. Selecting this option will search all publications across the scitation platform selecting this option will search. In this paper, we consider the conditions necessary for achieving powers in excess of 1 tw in a 1. Introduction to free electron lasers and fourthgeneration light. Arthur n chester the volume contains the proceedings of the 7th course on physics and technology of free electron lasers of the international school of quantum electronics, which was held in erice italy from 17 to. This chapter looks at these different requirements and discusses how they are implemented in practice. Because of the lack of suitable nonlinear materials, techniques for generating tunable light using commercial laboratory lasers are not effective at. Threedimensional, timedependent simulation of free. These tubes are still successful and useful sources of. We study the characteristics of the electron motion in this type of undulators and analyze.
We discuss the properties of free electron lasers fel operating with variably polarizing undulators. This concept is aimed at reducing the energy of a driving relativistic electron beam and thereby increasing the efficiency of the electronwave interaction in fels, as well as. However, an important step in fel development came in 1976 when madey and his coworkers at stanford university measured gain from an fel configured as an amplifier at 10. In fact fel is based on the stimulated emission of virtual photons by a relativistic electron beam, passing through an undulatorwiggler, much like conventional. A freeelectron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. A free electron laser consists of an electron beam propagating through a periodic magnetic field. The purpose of this book is to give a description of the state of the art in theoretical and experimental work achieved in radiation source development. Using h the minerva simulation code, an extensive steadystate analysis has been conducted.
Statistical and coherence properties of radiation from xray. Free electron lasers fels in the xray region are opening new research directions in amo physics and other fields, but beam time is quite limited at these expensive facilities. Introduction high power microwave fields propagating in a waveguide can be used as undulators for freeelectron lasers fels. Optical undulators for free electron lasers james lawler, joseph bisognano, robert bosch, michael green, kenneth jacobs, deniz yavuz, univ of wisconsin, madison free electron lasers fels in the xray region are opening new research directions in amo physics and other.
Lidia, light sources and free electron lasers, slide 7. Development of miniundulators for a tabletop freeelectron. Pdf introduction to the physics of free electron laser and. Single shot polarization characterization of xuv fel.
Only in recent years it has become clear that these devices have the potential of becoming exceedingly powerful light sources in the vacuumultraviolet vuv and x ray regime. However, the use of conventional undulators using permanent magnets also implies system sizes which are large. Coherent light is generated and contained in an optical cavity defined bythe mirrors. Free electron lasers lecture i brian mcneil, university of strathclyde, glasgow, scotland.
The undulator shown is a permanentmagnet planar undulator. We present the test results of a novel microwiggler structure 1 for freeelectron lasers, in which, each 2. This concept is aimed at reducing the energy of a driving relativistic electron beam and thereby increasing the efficiency of the electronwave interaction in fels, as well as making the oscillator. A gaussian expansion is used for freespace propagation, and an expansion in waveguide modes for fully guided propagation, or a combination of the two for partial guiding at thz frequencies. Tapered undulators are described, as are various options for two plane focusing which include canted, curved, or staggered poles. The possibility of terawatt tw xray freeelectron lasers xfels has been discussed using novel superconducting helical undulators. Contrary to most lasers, the motion of an electron in the fel may be described by classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics. Us particle acceus particle accelerator school 2009lerator school 2009 university of new mexico albuquerque nm course content 1. Mar 12, 2020 the concept of comptontype freeelectron lasers fels operating in short wavelength ranges with a high efficiency and power level is currently underway at the iap ras nizhny novgorod. In this work, we report the first experimental characterization of the polarization properties of. Principles, properties and applications claudio pellegrini, ucla, and joachim stohr, ssrl 1. Free electron lasers free electron lasers fels are sources of synchrotron radiation that can produce radiation with peak power and brightness orders of magnitude larger than the radiation produced by conventional sources such as dipoles and wigglers. Aug 20, 2006 in later developments, stemming from this, single pass gain of circularly polarized radiation was experimentally demonstrated by means of a twister structure and an optical cavity, obtained by adding mirrors to the magnet assembly, was used to achieve buildup of the radiation in an oscillator device known as the freeelectron laser. Free electron lasers with higher average power and shorter wavelengths are under development.
Lasers based on electrons that are bound to atomic or molecular energy levels operate. Highbrightness xray freeelectron laser with an optical. We study the characteristics of the electron motion in this type of undulators and analyze the spectral properties of the emitted radiation. We also derive general expressions for the small signal gain coefficient and for the saturation intensity. At present, light sources based on freeelectron laser fel facilities offer. Insertion devices for free electron lasers oxford scholarship. After an overview of early developments and general principles of operation, the different models that can be used to describe free electron lasers are presented, organized according to their range of applicability. Statistical and coherence properties of radiation from x. The synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons in undulator magnets and the lowgain freeelectron laser fel are discussed in some detail. Threedimensional, timedependent simulation of freeelectron lasers with planar. Pdf short period undulators for storage rings and free. Short period undulators for storage rings and free electron lasers article pdf available in journal of physics conference series 4253.
Free electron lasers are laser devices where light amplification occurs by interaction with fast electrons in an undulator. Care mustbe given to generating, focusing, and tiansporting the electron beam, as. Proposal for an xray free electron laser oscillator arxiv. This article outlines the early development of the undulator in which an electron beam travelling through a system of magnetic fields with directions. High harmonic generation in the undulators for free electron lasers. The first sources of powerful coherent radiation were the microwave tubes invented earlier in this century. Paper open access threedimensional, timedependent simulation of free electron lasers with planar, helical, and elliptical undulators to cite this article. Threedimensional, timedependent simulation of freeelectron.
However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. This new reference is the first fully selfcontained and unified monograph on the design and operation of undulators and free electron lasers. The freeelectron laser fel principle has been known since the early 1970s but for many years fels have played a marginal role in comparison with conventional lasers. Operation of a freeelectron laser from the extreme ultraviolet to the water window, nature photon. Novel radiation sources using relativistic electrons. High harmonic generation in the undulators for free electron. Threedimensional, timedependent simulation of freeelectron lasers with planar, helical, and elliptical undulators h. These can be permanent magnets or superconducting magnets. In later developments, stemming from this, single pass gain of circularly polarized radiation was experimentally demonstrated by means of a twister structure and an optical cavity, obtained by adding mirrors to the magnet assembly, was used to achieve buildup of the radiation in an oscillator device known as the freeelectron laser. Oclcs webjunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle. Outline xray free electron lasers ultrafast photon science wigglers, undulators and coherent radiation overview of an xray free electron laser selfamplified spontaneous emission sase free electron laser seeding schemes. Towards a free electron laser based on laser plasma. Xray free electron lasers slac national accelerator. The free electron laser fel principle has been known since the early 1970s but for many years fels have played a marginal role in comparison with conventional lasers.
This book is a reference text for all those working in freeelectron laser research as well as being a learning aid for physicists and graduate students who wish an introduction to this field. Xband microwave undulators for short wavelength free. In this paper, we describe two recent undulator deliveries. Today such lasers are used for research in materials science, chemical technology, biophysical science, medical applications, surface studies, and solidstate physics. Free electron lasers make different demands upon their undulator systems.
In this work, we report the first experimental characterization of. We present the test results of a novel microwiggler structure 1 for free electron lasers, in which, each 2. A new code under development, named minerva, uses a modal expansion for the optical field. We study the characteristics of the electron motion. Aug 28, 2015 polarization control is a key feature of light generated by shortwavelength free electron lasers. Free electron lasers fels are sources of synchrotron radiation that can produce radiation with peak power and brightness orders of magnitude larger than the radiation produced by conventional sources such as dipoles and wigglers. Free electron lasers operating with variably polarization. In modern highgain freeelectron lasers, ultrafast photon pulses designed for studying. Statistical and coherence properties of radiation from xray freeelectron lasers this article has been downloaded from iopscience. It will be of use to all those working in free electron laser research as well as for physicists and graduate students who need an introduction to the field. It summarizes clearly and comprehensibly, the basic physical aspects needed to understand the phenomena, and also provides the interested reader. Charles brau, free electron lasers academic press, 1990. Peak brilliance of xray fels and undulators for spontaneous radiation at the.
Short period, high field undulators can enable short wavelength free electron lasers fels at low beam energy, with decreased gain length, thus allowing much more compact and less costly fel systems. The freeelectron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum. Advanced undulator concepts for future freeelectron lasers. Rp photonics encyclopedia free electron lasers, fel. A freeelectron laser that emits xrays with a wavelength of the size of an atom about. Numerous and frequentlyupdated resource results are available from this search. It will be of use to all those working in freeelectron laser research as well as for physicists and graduate students who need an introduction to. The freeelectron laser is tunable and has the widest frequency range of any laser type, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and infrared, to the visible spectrum, ultraviolet. Reliable information about the coronavirus covid19 is available from the world health organization current situation, international travel.